植物科

The mahogany family (~600 species, 50 genera). Tropical trees and shrubs with pinnate leaves, tubular flowers, and capsule or berry …

Tropical pitcher plants (~170 species). Carnivorous vines and shrubs with modified leaf tips forming fluid-filled pitfall traps to digest insects. …

The olive family (~700 species, 25 genera). Trees and shrubs with opposite simple or compound leaves and small 4-lobed flowers, …

The screw pine family (~700 species, 3 genera). Trees and shrubs with spirally arranged stiff leaves and woody aggregate fruits. …

The goosefoot family (~1,400 species, now largely merged into Amaranthaceae). Halophytes and weedy herbs with simple alternate leaves. Includes beets, …

The sedge family (~5,500 species, 90+ genera). Grass-like plants with solid triangular stems, 3-ranked leaves, and wind-pollinated flowers in spikelets. …

The ebony family (~500 species). Trees and shrubs with hard, often black heartwood (ebony), simple alternate leaves, and fleshy berry …

The largest fern family (~1,650 species, 65 genera). Epiphytic and terrestrial ferns with scaly rhizomes and simple to pinnate fronds …

A small family of pleurocarpous mosses (Roelobryum) from tropical Asia and the Pacific. Robust mosses found on bark and rock …

A monotypic family (Roridula, 2 species) — sticky-leaved carnivorous shrubs from the Cape Floristic Region of South Africa. Plants trap …

The coffee family (~13,500 species, 600+ genera). Characterized by opposite leaves with stipules, tubular 4–5-lobed flowers, and diverse fruits. Includes …

A family of woody monocots (~240 species) with persistent leaf bases forming stem sheaths, narrow strap-like leaves, and showy flowers. …

The violet family (~800 species, 20 genera). Herbs and shrubs with bilateral flowers, 5 petals with the lowest spurred, and …

The grape family (~900 species, 14 genera). Climbing vines with tendrils, simple or compound leaves, small 4–5-petaled flowers, and berry …

A small temperate family (~50 species, 9 genera) of mostly climbing vines with compound leaves. Includes Akebia, Decaisnea, and Holboellia. …

The melastome family (~5,500 species, 170 genera). Herbs, shrubs, and trees with opposite leaves having distinctive parallel veins. Largely tropical …

A monotypic fern family (Metaxya, ~2 species) from tropical Central and South America. Terrestrial ferns with pinnate fronds; considered a …

A small fern family (~12 species, 1 genus Arthropteris). Climbing or scrambling ferns with jointed fronds attached to a creeping …

The caper family (~480 species, 15 genera). Trees, shrubs, and herbs with alternate leaves and 4-petaled flowers with long stamens. …

The forking fern family (~125 species, 6 genera). Terrestrial ferns with repeatedly forking fronds that interlock to form dense thickets. …

The broomrape family (~2,100 species, 90 genera). Includes fully holoparasitic and hemiparasitic plants lacking chlorophyll, attached to host roots. Includes …

A large and diverse fern family (~1,200 species, 50 genera). Includes maidenhair ferns (Adiantum) and brake ferns (Pteris). Mostly terrestrial …

The mignonette family (~75 species, 6 genera). Herbs and shrubs with alternate leaves, small flowers with fringed petals, and open …

A monotypic fern family (Saccoloma, ~12 species). Terrestrial ferns of tropical forests with pinnate fronds and cup-shaped marginal indusia. Found …

The sapodilla family (~1,100 species, 60 genera). Tropical trees and shrubs with milky latex, simple alternate leaves, and fleshy fruits. …

A large fern family (~900 species, ~30 genera). Terrestrial ferns with pinnate fronds, usually with needlelike glands. Found in moist …

A family of about 2,500 species including avocado, cinnamon, bay laurel, and camphor. Mostly tropical trees and shrubs with aromatic …

The Brazil nut family (~350 species, 20 genera). Large tropical trees with simple alternate leaves and showy flowers. Includes Brazil …

A monotypic family of hornworts (Leiosporoceros, 1 species). A primitive hornwort from the Americas. Thallus permeated by Nostoc. Found in …

The largest liverwort family (~2,000 species, 70+ genera). Mostly minute epiphytic plants with bilobed leaves. Found in humid tropical and …

A small African family (~3 species, 3 genera) of shrubs. Includes Montinia, Kaliphora, and Grevea. Characterized by dioecious flowers and …

A small tropical family (~210 species, 3 genera) of trees. Formerly included in Euphorbiaceae. Known for leaves with characteristic mustard-oil …

The bittersweet family (~1,350 species, 100 genera). Trees, shrubs, and lianas with simple alternate or opposite leaves. Fruits often have …

The silk tassel family (~18 species, 2 genera). Dioecious evergreen shrubs with opposite leathery leaves and catkin-like pendulous inflorescences. Includes …

A small family (~5 species, 3 genera) of trees and shrubs from Africa and Asia. Now includes Melanophyllaceae. Found in …

A family of pleurocarpous mosses (~80 species, 8 genera). Julaceous (smooth cylinder-like) stems with concave leaves. Found mainly in Australasia …

The restio family (~500 species, 50 genera). Rush-like plants with photosynthetic stems and reduced scale-like leaves. Dominant in fire-adapted Cape …

A tiny family (~2 species, 2 genera) of small aquatic or semiaquatic herbs from New Zealand and Patagonia. Characterized by …

The ginger family (~1,600 species, 50 genera). Rhizomatous herbs with aromatic oils, ligulate leaves, and irregular flowers. Includes ginger (Zingiber), …

The caltrop family (~275 species, 27 genera). Xerophytic herbs and shrubs of arid and semi-arid regions. Includes caltrops (Tribulus), lignum …

A monotypic family (Canna, ~10 species). Tall rhizomatous herbs with large oval leaves and asymmetric showy flowers. Native to tropical …

The dayflower family (~730 species, 40 genera). Fleshy herbs with alternate leaves sheathing the stem, and flowers with 3 petals …

The dogwood family (~85 species, 2 genera). Trees and shrubs with opposite simple leaves, small 4-petaled flowers often subtended by …

A small Australasian family (~16 species, 4 genera) of grass-like to shrubby plants with narrow leaves and dense flower heads. …

A cactus-like succulent family (~11 species, 4 genera). Spiny succulent trees and shrubs with reduced leaves. Characteristic of Madagascar's spiny …

The bloodwort family (~100 species, 14 genera). Herbaceous plants with rhizomes, basal linear leaves, and often orange-red pigmented roots. Found …

The walnut family (~60 species, 8 genera). Trees with pinnate leaves, catkin inflorescences, and nuts often enclosed in husks. Includes …

The plantain family (~1,900 species, 93 genera; expanded to include Veronicaceae, Callitrichaceae). Includes plantains (Plantago), speedwells (Veronica), foxgloves (Digitalis), and …

The protea family (~1,700 species, 80 genera). Trees and shrubs with tough leathery leaves adapted to nutrient-poor soils and fire. …

The papaya family (~35 species, 6 genera). Trees or shrubs with soft wood, palmately lobed leaves, and fleshy berry fruits. …

The pink family (~2,200 species, 86 genera). Herbs with swollen nodes, opposite entire leaves, and flowers often with notched petals. …

The costus family (~110 species, 7 genera). Rhizomatous herbs with spirally arranged leaves and distinctive flowers with a labellum. Related …

The water milfoil family (~145 species, 9 genera). Herbs and shrubs of aquatic and semi-aquatic habitats with finely divided submerged …

A pantropical family (~150 species, 23 genera) of trees and shrubs with simple alternate leaves and small fragrant flowers. Found …

A small tropical family (~10 species, 3 genera) of trees with simple alternate leaves and small 5-petaled flowers. Includes African …

A small family (~50 species, 11 genera) of tropical trees. Formerly part of Icacinaceae. Found in tropical forests of the …

A small family (~11 species, 3 genera) of vines and shrubs including Carolina jessamine (Gelsemium sempervirens). Contains toxic alkaloids. Found …

A monotypic family (Nelumbo, 2 species — sacred lotus and American lotus). Aquatic herbs with peltate leaves held above water …

A small family (~10 species, 3 genera) of herbs from arid regions of Africa, Arabia, and the Middle East. Characterized …

The four o'clock family (~400 species, 35 genera). Herbs, shrubs, and trees with opposite simple leaves and flowers lacking true …

The water lily family (~75 species, 6 genera). Aquatic herbs with large floating leaves and showy floating flowers. Includes water …

A pantropical family (~500 species, 30 genera). Trees, shrubs, and herbs with simple alternate leaves and showy flowers. Includes Mickey …

The poppy family (~820 species, 42 genera). Herbs with milky latex, 2 sepals shed at opening, and 4–6 petals. Includes …

A pantropical family (~165 species, 3 genera) of shrubs, trees, and lianas. Some species contain highly toxic fluoroacetate compounds. Found …

The yew family (~30 species, 6 genera). Conifers without true cones; seeds surrounded by a fleshy red aril. Includes yews …

A monotypic family (Tovaria, 2 species) of herbs from the Americas. Characterized by trifoliate leaves and racemes of small 8-parted …

The elm family (~40 species, 7 genera). Trees and shrubs with simple asymmetric toothed leaves and small wind-pollinated flowers. Includes …

A small family (~5 species, 1 genus Vahlia) of annual or perennial herbs. Found in Africa, Madagascar, and South Asia. …

A monotypic family (Wellstedia, ~7 species) of small herbs and subshrubs from Somalia, Arabia, and Namibia. Related to Boraginaceae. Found …

The winter's bark family (~90 species, 5 genera). Ancient angiosperm trees and shrubs (basal angiosperms) with vesselless wood, aromatic bark, …

A small family (~6 species, 3 genera) of holoparasitic plants of arid regions. Lacks chlorophyll; parasitizes roots of shrubs in …

The water hyacinth family (~30 species, 9 genera). Aquatic or semi-aquatic herbs with showy flowers. Includes water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes), …

The purslane family (~115 species, 2 genera in restricted sense). Succulent herbs with fleshy leaves, 2 sepals, and 5 petals. …

The saxifrage family (~640 species, 33 genera). Mostly herbs of rocky or alpine habitats with often basal leaves and small …

The hemp family (~170 species, 11 genera; now includes Celtidaceae). Includes hemp (Cannabis sativa), hops (Humulus lupulus), and hackberries (Celtis). …

A family of Neotropical monocots (~200 species, 1 genus Helionia). Large herbs with banana-like leaves and brightly colored waxy bracts. …

The rush family (~450 species, 7 genera). Grass-like or sedge-like herbs of wet or marshy habitats with cylindrical leaves and …

The bladdernut family (~45 species, 2 genera). Trees and shrubs with pinnate leaves and inflated bladder-like capsule fruits. Includes bladdernuts …

A small family (~3 species, 2 genera) of trees from Southeast Asia. Includes Tetramerista from Borneo and Pelliciera from Central …

A Neotropical family (~30 species, 5 genera) of trees, shrubs, and lianas. Characterized by distinctive irregular 5-petaled flowers and winged …

A monotypic family (Lanaria lanata — Cape edelweiss) — a tufted monocot from the Cape Floristic Region of South Africa. …

A monotypic family (Paeonia, ~40 species) of perennial herbs and shrubs with compound leaves and large showy flowers with many …

The rafflessia family (~36 species, 3 genera). Holoparasitic plants that produce the world's largest flowers (Rafflesia arnoldii, up to 1 …

A small family (~45 species, 6 genera) of trees, shrubs, and lianas from tropical Asia and the Americas. Includes Cardiopteris …

The oleaster family (~90 species, 3 genera). Shrubs and trees with silvery scaly leaves due to stellate hairs, small tubular …

A small family (~13 species, 4 genera) of shrubs and small trees from the Pacific and Indian Ocean islands (Réunion, …

The tea family (~250 species, 9 genera). Trees and shrubs with simple alternate leaves and showy flowers. Includes tea (Camellia …

A monotypic family (Trimenia, ~5 species) of small trees from Australasia and Pacific islands. Considered an ancient angiosperm lineage. Aromatic …

A small family (~2 species, 2 genera: Trochodendron and Tetracentron). Ancient angiosperm trees with vesselless wood. Found in East Asia. …

The trillium family (~175 species, 16 genera). Bulbous monocots with often net-veined leaves and 6 tepals. Includes trilliums, false hellebore …

A monotypic family (Petermannia cirrosa) — a climbing monocot vine from eastern Australia. Uses tendrils formed from leaf-tip modifications to …

A monotypic family (Physena, 2 species) of trees endemic to Madagascar. Characterized by simple alternate leaves and small unisexual flowers. …

A family (~40 species, 9 genera) of trees and shrubs endemic to Madagascar. Dominant in Madagascar's dry forests. Characterized by …

A small family (~25 species, 9 genera) of cormous monocots with often blue flowers. Includes the rare Chilean blue crocus …

The sweetshrub family (~10 species, 3 genera). Aromatic shrubs with opposite leaves and urn-shaped flowers with many tepals. Includes sweetshrub …

A family (~300 species, 10 genera) of herbs formerly in Capparaceae. Characterized by trifoliate leaves and 4-petaled flowers with long …

A monotypic family (Corbichonia decumbens) — a succulent herb from Africa and Asia. Small prostrate plant with fleshy leaves and …

A monotypic family (Cycas, ~113 species). The most diverse cycad genus; ancient gymnosperm lineage. Characterized by pinnate leaves, separate male …

A Neotropical family (~230 species, 12 genera) of monocot herbs with fan-like or entire leaves and distinctive spadix-like inflorescences with …

The water weed family (~120 species, 16 genera). Aquatic herbs with submerged or floating leaves and small flowers often with …

A family (~40 species, 6 genera) of monocot herbs of bogs and wet heaths. Includes bog asphodel (Narthecium). Found in …

The pondweed family (~110 species, 4 genera). Aquatic herbs with submerged or floating leaves and spike inflorescences. Includes pondweeds (Potamogeton). …

The ditch-grass family (~8 species, 1 genus Ruppia). Aquatic herbs in brackish to saline coastal waters. Slender leaves; small inconspicuous …

A small family (~35 species, 3 genera) of mycoheterotrophic monocots from South America, New Guinea, and China. Plants entirely lack …

A monotypic family (Gisekia, ~7 species) of succulent herbs from Africa and Asia. Found in dry sandy and saline habitats. …

A monotypic family (Hoplestigma pierreanum) — a large tree from tropical Central Africa. Related to Boraginales. Found in lowland rainforests …

A small family (~3 species, 2 genera: Sladenia and Ficalhoa) of trees. Found in tropical Africa and Southeast Asia. Formerly …

A small family (~3 species, 2 genera: Strasburgeria and Ixerba) of trees and shrubs. Endemic to New Caledonia and New …

A small family (~5 species, 2 genera: Tapiscia and Huertea) of trees from China and the Americas. Characterized by pinnate …

A family (~50 species, 7 genera) of mycoheterotrophic herbs (achlorophyllous). Found in the leaf litter of humid tropical forests. Small …

A monotypic family (Xeronema, 2 species) of monocots endemic to New Caledonia and the Poor Knights Islands of New Zealand. …

The willow family (~1,010 species, 56 genera; now includes Flacourtiaceae). Includes willows (Salix), poplars (Populus), cottonwoods, and many tropical trees. …

A monotypic family (Scheuchzeria, 1 species) of aquatic/semi-aquatic herbs. Found in arctic and subarctic bogs (sphagnum bogs) across the Northern …

A small family (~35 species, 4 genera) of shrubs and small trees formerly in Bignoniaceae. Found in tropical Americas. Characterized …

A monotypic family with a single species, Welwitschia mirabilis. Desert gymnosperm of Namib Desert producing just two strap-like leaves that …

A monotypic family (Cephalotus follicularis — Albany pitcher plant) endemic to a small area of coastal southwestern Australia. Carnivorous plant …

A monotypic family (Ceratophyllum, ~10 species — hornworts). Aquatic herbs with whorled divided leaves and tiny unisexual flowers. Submerged; root-less. …

A monotypic family (Daphniphyllum, ~30 species) of trees and shrubs from eastern and southeastern Asia. Characterized by rhododendron-like leaves, small …

A monotypic family (Drosophyllum lusitanicum — dewy pine). A carnivorous plant of dry rocky Mediterranean scrubland. Traps insects on sticky …

A monotypic family with a single living species, Ginkgo biloba — a living fossil. Deciduous gymnosperm with distinctive fan-shaped leaves …

A large family of acrocarpous mosses (~700 species, 20 genera). Often growing on bark of trees and shrubs with erect …

A small family of pleurocarpous mosses (~50 species, 3 genera). Pinnately branched with distinctive leaves in 3 rows. Found mainly …

A family of leafy liverworts (~200 species, 1 genus Radula). Characterized by incubous succubously inserted leaves with a distinct lobule. …

A large family of pleurocarpous mosses (~700 species, 50+ genera). Mostly small to medium-sized mosses with glossy leaves. Found in …

A family of leafy liverworts (~70 species, 6 genera). Characterized by incubous leaf arrangement and well-developed underleaves. Found in moist …

A monotypic family (Curtisia dentata — assegai wood) — a tree from southern Africa. Hard durable wood traditionally used for …

A monotypic family (Cynomorium, 2 species — Maltese mushroom). Holoparasitic herbs parasitizing roots of halophytes in salt marshes. Found from …

A monotypic family (Guamatela tuerckheimii) — a shrub from Central America. Found in montane cloud forests of Mexico and Guatemala. …

A family of simple thalloid and leafy liverworts (~130 species, 6 genera). Found in moist habitats worldwide, often in subalpine …

A monotypic family (Tetrameles, 1 species) — a large deciduous tree from India to Southeast Asia. Distinctive buttress roots. Found …

A family of pleurocarpous mosses (~300 species, 25 genera). Pendulous to wiry mosses hanging from tree branches in humid forests. …

A family of pleurocarpous mosses (~90 species, 10 genera). Epiphytic mosses with erect or ascending branches. Found on tree bark …

A family recognized for Miyabea — a small genus of pleurocarpous mosses from East Asia. Found in cool temperate forests …

A family of pleurocarpous mosses (~250 species, 20 genera). Flattened in appearance with transversely undulate leaves. Found on bark, rock, …

A small family of acrocarpous mosses (~25 species, 1 genus Octoblepharum). Tropical and subtropical mosses with white hair-like cells. Found …

A family of acrocarpous mosses (~250 species, 20 genera). Among the largest mosses with complex internal anatomy. Includes Polytrichum (haircap …

A large family of acrocarpous mosses (~1,500 species, 90+ genera). Highly diverse in dry and disturbed habitats. Found worldwide from …

A family of pleurocarpous mosses (~200 species, 20 genera). Found on bark and rocks in forests worldwide, particularly in temperate …

A family of leafy liverworts (~400 species, 10 genera). Characterized by succubously inserted bilobed leaves. Found in moist to wet …

A family of leafy liverworts (~100 species, 2 genera: Schistochila and Gottschelia). Large liverworts with deeply bilobed leaves. Found in …

A monotypic family of pleurocarpous mosses (Symphyodon) from tropical and subtropical regions. Characterized by very flattened, julaceous stems. Found in …

A family of simple thalloid liverworts (~200 species, 2 genera). Thallus a narrow ribbon. Found in forests worldwide, often on …

A family of acrocarpous mosses (~250 species, 10 genera). Large leafy mosses with broad decurrent leaves and toothed margins. Found …

A family of simple thalloid liverworts (~30 species, 4 genera). Found in wet habitats on soil, decaying wood, and stream …

A family of complex thalloid liverworts (~30 species, 4 genera). Found in disturbed habitats, roadsides, and rocky ground worldwide. Characterized …

A monotypic family (Isoetes — quillworts, ~250 species). Ancient lycophytes with quill-like leaves. Found in aquatic to temporarily wet habitats …

A large family of leafy liverworts (~450 species, 3 genera). Characterized by large succubously inserted leaves with toothed margins. Found …

A family of pleurocarpous mosses (~200 species, 20 genera). Robust mosses with complanate fronds. Found on bark and rock in …

A small family of pleurocarpous mosses (~30 species, 5 genera). Found in Southern Hemisphere humid forests, especially in New Zealand …

A family of pleurocarpous mosses (~100 species, 10 genera). Small silky mosses on bark and wood. Found worldwide in temperate …

A small family of pleurocarpous mosses (Regmatodon) from tropical and subtropical Asia. Found on bark and rocks in humid forests.

A family of pleurocarpous mosses (~200 species, 15 genera). Pinnately branched with papillose cells. Found worldwide in diverse habitats from …

A small family of leafy liverworts (~30 species, 4 genera). Characterized by highly divided deeply lobed leaves forming a feather-like …

A small family of pleurocarpous mosses (~15 species, 3 genera). Very small mosses found on bark in tropical to temperate …

A small family of pleurocarpous mosses (~20 species, 3 genera). Julaceous, worm-like appearance. Found on bark and rock in humid …

A family of pleurocarpous mosses (~250 species, 8 genera). Flattened glossy mosses on bark, rock, and soil. Found mainly in …

The whisk fern family (~12 species, 2 genera: Psilotum and Tmesipteris). Among the simplest vascular plants, lacking true roots and …

A family (~25 species, 3 genera) of tropical ferns from Asia and the Pacific. Closely related to Dryopteridaceae. Found in …

A monotypic family (Rhachidosorus, ~8 species) of terrestrial ferns from East Asia. Characterized by pinnate to bipinnate fronds with elongated …

A monotypic family (Thyrsopteris elegans) endemic to the Juan Fernández Islands (Chile). A distinctive tree fern with tripinnate fronds and …

A small family of pleurocarpous mosses (Trachyloma) from tropical and subtropical regions. Found on bark and decaying wood in humid …

A family of acrocarpous mosses (~600 species, 8 genera). Tropical mosses often with specialized leaf cells (teniolae) and gemmiferous leaves. …

A small fern family (~2 species, 1 genus Culcita). Terrestrial ferns with bipinnate-pinnatifid fronds and round marginal sori. Found in …

A monotypic family (Cystodium sorbifolium) — a small terrestrial fern from tropical Asia to the Pacific. Characterized by pinnate fronds …

A family of acrocarpous mosses (~200 species, 20 genera). Slender mosses with setaceous leaves in disturbed and open habitats. Found …

A monotypic family (Hemidictyum marginatum) — a tropical American fern. Distinct from Athyriaceae; bipinnate fronds with continuous submarginal sori.

A small family of leafy liverworts (~100 species, 4 genera). Characterized by deeply divided leaves into 3 or more segments. …

A monotypic family (Koeberlinia, 1 species — crucifixion thorn) of thorny shrubs from arid southwestern North America and Mexico. Reduced …

A small family of pleurocarpous mosses (~30 species, 2 genera). Translucent white-green mosses found in humid tropical forests, often on …

A monotypic family of pleurocarpous mosses (Phyllogonium) from tropical and subtropical regions. Distinctive flat leaf arrangement. Found in humid forests …

A monotypic family (Pleurophascum grandiglobum) from New Zealand and the Falkland Islands. Unusual pleurocarpous appearance but acrocarpous growth. Found in …

A small family of acrocarpous mosses (~120 species, 6 genera). Found on rock surfaces, especially in xeric habitats. Leaves characteristically …

A small family of acrocarpous mosses (~15 species, 4 genera). Found on disturbed soil, waste ground, and paths. Includes Ceratodon …

A small family of acrocarpous mosses (~30 species, 3 genera). Found on dry exposed rock surfaces. Leaves often hair-pointed. Cosmopolitan …

A small family of pleurocarpous mosses (~10 species, 2 genera). Pinnately branched mosses of fens and wet forests in the …

A small family of acrocarpous mosses (~30 species, 4 genera). Found on rock and soil in temperate and boreal forests.

A small family of pleurocarpous mosses (~10 species, 2 genera). Found in arid habitats on rock and bark.

A small family of pleurocarpous mosses (~15 species, 3 genera). Robust mosses found in tropical montane forests, often hanging from …

The dung mosses (~65 species, 13 genera). Acrocarpous mosses that grow on dung or decomposing organic matter and use flies …

A small family of acrocarpous mosses (~4 species, 2 genera). Distinct for having 4 peristome teeth (most mosses have 16). …

A monotypic family (Timmia, ~10 species). Large acrocarpous mosses with distinctive leaf sheaths. Found in calcareous soil and rock in …

A small family of acrocarpous mosses (~20 species, 2 genera). Found on rock, bark, and soil in temperate to montane …

A small family of pleurocarpous mosses (~15 species, 1 genus Prionodon). Pendulous mosses of humid tropical montane forests in the …

A monotypic family (Pseudoditrichum) of small mosses found in boreal and montane regions.

A small family of pleurocarpous mosses (~50 species, 6 genera). Found on rock and bark in temperate and boreal forests. …

A family of small pleurocarpous mosses (~30 species, 2 genera). Found on rock and bark in arid to semi-arid regions …

A small family of pleurocarpous mosses (~15 species, 3 genera). Found on bark and rock in temperate forests.

A small family of pleurocarpous mosses (Pterobryella) from tropical regions. Found on bark in humid forests.

A monotypic family of mosses (Rhabdodontium) from Australasia. Found in humid southern forests.

A small family of mosses (~10 species, 2 genera). Small pleurocarpous mosses found in tropical regions.

A small family of pleurocarpous mosses (~10 species, 2 genera). Very small mosses on bark, found in tropical to temperate …

A family of pleurocarpous mosses (~50 species, 3 genera). Found in humid forests on decaying wood and soil. Found mainly …

A recently described moss family from South America. Found in Patagonian habitats.

A monotypic family (Micromitrium, ~3 species). Minute aquatic or semi-aquatic mosses from North America.

A monotypic family (Mittenia plumula) — a small acrocarpous moss with lustrous iridescent leaves found in dark cave entrances and …

A recently described moss family. Found in specialized habitats.

A monotypic family (Rhytidium rugosum) — a large pleurocarpous moss with wrinkled leaves. Found on dry calcareous rock and soil …

A monotypic family (Saelania, 1 species) — a small acrocarpous moss with waxy blue-green leaves. Found in cold moist habitats …

A monotypic family of pleurocarpous mosses (Catagonium) from Southern Hemisphere temperate regions.

A small family of acrocarpous mosses (~15 species, 3 genera). Small mosses on disturbed soil and rock. Found worldwide in …

A monotypic family (Habrodon) — a small pleurocarpous moss found on bark in Mediterranean regions of Europe.

A monotypic family (Helicophyllum torquatum) — a small moss with spirally twisted leaves. Found in tropical regions on rock and …

A monotypic family (Hydropogonella) of aquatic mosses from tropical South America.

A monotypic family (Schimperobryum) from tropical Africa. Pleurocarpous moss of humid forests.

A monotypic family (Schistostega pennata — luminous moss). Produces protonemata that reflect green light like cat's eyes in dark cave …

The bladderwort family (~350 species, 3 genera). Carnivorous herbs including bladderworts (Utricularia) with underwater bladder traps, butterworts (Pinguicula) with sticky …

A small family of leafy liverworts (~20 species, 3 genera). Found in humid forests of Southern Hemisphere.

A monotypic family (Lepidobotrys staudtii) from tropical Africa. Tree with bifoliate leaves and small flowers. Related to Oxalidaceae. Found in …

A small family of leafy liverworts (~10 species, 3 genera). Found in humid temperate forests of Southern Hemisphere.

A large family of leafy liverworts (~500 species, 3 genera). Characterized by incubously inserted leaves and conspicuous underleaves. Found worldwide …

The acanthus family (~4,000 species, 250 genera). Herbs and shrubs with opposite leaves, bilabiate flowers with prominent bracts, and explosive …

A monotypic family (Acorus, ~2 species — sweet flag). Semi-aquatic rhizomatous plants with linear leaves and small flowers on a …

A family of leafy liverworts (~100 species, 10 genera). Found in cool humid forests of Southern Hemisphere and tropical montane …

A small family of pleurocarpous mosses (Acrocladium) from Australasia. Found in bogs and wet forests.

The kiwi fruit family (~360 species, 3 genera). Shrubs and vines with alternate simple leaves. Includes kiwi fruit (Actinidia deliciosa) …

A family of leafy liverworts (~50 species, 4 genera). Found in cool humid forests of the Southern Hemisphere and tropics. …

A monotypic family (Aextoxicon punctatum — olivillo) — a large tree endemic to the Chilean temperate rainforest (Valdivian forest). Characterized …

A monotypic family (Calycularia) of simple thalloid liverworts from East Asia.

A large family of leafy liverworts (~250 species, 10+ genera). Small delicate plants with deeply bilobed leaves. Found in bogs, …

A family of tiny leafy liverworts (~170 species, 10 genera). Among the smallest leafy liverworts. Found in diverse habitats from …

A small family of complex thalloid liverworts (~10 species, 2 genera). Includes Conocephalum conicum, a large thalloid liverwort with distinctive …

A small family of acrocarpous mosses from arid regions of Africa and Asia.

A monotypic family (Treubia, ~4 species) of simple thalloid liverworts from South America and Australasia. An ancient lineage (basal liverwort).

A monotypic family (Agdestis clematidea) — a liana from tropical Americas. Characterized by alternate simple leaves and small white flowers. …

A small family (~2 species, 2 genera: Akania and Bretschneidera) of trees from Australia and China. Characterized by pinnate leaves …

The water plantain family (~100 species, 17 genera). Aquatic and semi-aquatic herbs with basal arrow-shaped leaves and whorled racemes of …

The sweetgum family (~15 species, 3 genera). Trees with palmately lobed leaves and distinctive spiky ball-like aggregate fruits. Includes sweetgum …

A monotypic family (Alzatea verticillata) — a tree from humid montane forests of Central and South America. Characterized by whorled …

The amaranth family (~2,500 species, 174 genera; now includes Chenopodiaceae). Herbs and shrubs with alternate leaves and small flowers. Includes …

The amaryllis family (~1,600 species, 75 genera; includes Alliaceae and Agapanthaceae). Bulbous plants with strap-like leaves and showy flowers in …

A large family of pleurocarpous mosses (~300 species, 30 genera). Found in wet habitats — fens, marshes, stream banks — …

A monotypic family (Amborella trichopoda) endemic to New Caledonia. Considered the sister group to all other living angiosperms — the …

A monotypic family of mosses (Amphidium) — small cushion-forming mosses on damp rock faces and cave entrances. Found in temperate …

A small family (~35 species, 3 genera) of succulent herbs and shrubs from southern Africa and Australia. Includes Anacampseros, with …

The cashew family (~700 species, 80 genera). Trees and shrubs, often with resinous sap causing contact dermatitis. Includes mango, cashew, …

A monotypic family (Ancistrocladus, ~21 species) of lianas from tropical Africa and Southeast Asia. Characterized by hook-tipped branches, small 5-petaled …

A family of acrocarpous mosses (~100 species, 1 genus Andreaea). Small dark mosses forming black to dark brown cushions on …

A monotypic family (Andreaeobryum macrosporum) from Alaska and northwestern Canada. Combines features of both Andreaeaceae and Bryophyta. A phylogenetically significant …

A family of simple thalloid liverworts (~100 species, 3 genera). Includes Aneura and Riccardia. Found in moist habitats worldwide, often …

A pantropical family (~40 species, 4 genera) of trees with simple alternate leaves of unequal size. Found in tropical forests. …

A small family of pleurocarpous mosses (~70 species, 6 genera). Found on bark, rock, and wood in temperate to subtropical …

A small family of leafy liverworts (~10 species, 2 genera). Found in cool, moist habitats, particularly in alpine and arctic …

The hornwort family (~50 species, 2 genera). Hornworts with simple lobed thalli and long horn-like sporophytes. Found worldwide in disturbed …

A monotypic family (Antitrichia, ~5 species) of pendulous pleurocarpous mosses. Found on bark in cool temperate to Mediterranean forests.

A small family of acrocarpous mosses (~15 species, 2 genera). Slender mosses of wet habitats. Found in temperate regions worldwide.

A monotypic family (Aphanopetalum, 2 species) of climbing shrubs from eastern Australia. Found in wet sclerophyll forests. Related to Saxifragales.

The dogbane family (~5,350 species, 365 genera; includes Asclepiadaceae). Largely tropical trees, shrubs, vines, and herbs, often with milky latex. …

A small family (~8 species, 3 genera) of endoparasitic flowering plants without leaves or chlorophyll. Parasite on stems and roots …

A monotypic family (Aponogeton, ~55 species). Aquatic herbs with floating leaves and fragrant spiked inflorescences held above water. Includes the …

The holly family (~580 species, 1 genus Ilex). Trees and shrubs with often spiny leaves, small white flowers, and red, …

The arum family (~4,000 species, 140 genera). Characterized by a spadix flower spike with a spathe bract. Includes taro, calla …

The ivy family (~2,700 species, 45 genera). Trees, shrubs, and lianas with compound or palmately lobed leaves and small flowers …

A monotypic family (Archidium, ~30 species). Very small mosses with uniquely large spores and cleistocarpous capsules. Found in moist to …

A small family (~20 species, 2 genera) of shrubs and trees from Australasia and the Pacific. Includes Argophyllum (silver leaf). …

The birthwort family (~500 species, 5 genera). Herbs and lianas with often bizarre pipe-shaped flowers attracting insects as pollinators. Includes …

A small family of leafy liverworts (~10 species, 3 genera). Found in calcareous and dry habitats in Northern Hemisphere.

The asparagus family (~2,500 species, 114 genera; broadly circumscribed). Includes asparagus, hyacinth, agave, yucca, hostas, and lily-of-the-valley. Bulbous or rhizomatous; …

The asphodel family (~900 species, ~40 genera). Bulbous or rhizomatous herbs with basal linear leaves and racemose flowers. Includes aloes …

The spleenwort family (~700 species, 1 genus Asplenium). Epiphytic and terrestrial ferns with elongated linear sori parallel to veins. Some …

A family (~35 species, 5 genera) of grass-like monocots with silvery-woolly leaves and fleshy berry fruits. Found in Australasia, Pacific …

A monotypic family (Asteropeia, ~8 species) endemic to Madagascar. Trees with simple alternate leaves and small flowers. Related to Caryophyllales. …

A fern family (~700 species, 10 genera). Terrestrial ferns with pinnate fronds and elongated or horseshoe-shaped sori. Includes lady ferns …

A small family of acrocarpous mosses (~15 species, 2 genera). Robust mosses with ribbed leaves often bearing gemmae on elongated …

A monotypic family with one species, Austrobaileya scandens — a liana endemic to rainforests of Queensland, Australia. Represents one of …

A family of complex thalloid liverworts (~40 species, 7 genera). Characterized by air chambers, barrel-shaped air pores, and oil bodies. …

A monotypic family (Balanops, ~9 species) endemic to New Caledonia and Australia. Small trees with simple leaves and acorn-like fruits …

Holoparasitic fleshy herbs (~50 species, 18 genera) entirely dependent on host plant roots. Lack chlorophyll and photosynthetic ability; appear as …

A monotypic family with a single species, Barbeuia madagascariensis — a liana endemic to Madagascar. Characterized by large alternate leaves …

A monotypic family with a single species, Barbeya oleoides — a shrub or small tree from northeast Africa and the …

A family of acrocarpous mosses (~500 species, 12 genera). Characteristic globose ribbed capsules. Includes apple mosses (Bartramia) and Philonotis. Found …

A small family (~19 species, 4 genera) of succulent climbing herbs. Includes Malabar spinach (Basella alba), eaten as a vegetable …

The begonia family (~2,000 species, 2 genera). Succulent herbs and shrubs with asymmetric leaves, unisexual flowers, and winged capsule fruits. …

The birch family (~170 species, 6 genera). Temperate trees with catkins (wind-pollinated), simple toothed leaves, and small nutlets or nuts. …

The trumpet vine family (~860 species, 82 genera). Trees, shrubs, and lianas with opposite compound leaves, showy tubular 2-lipped flowers, …

The annatto family (~25 species, 5 genera). Trees and shrubs including annatto (Bixa orellana), source of orange-red food dye. Also …

A monotypic family (Blandfordia, 4 species — Christmas bells) of rhizomatous monocots endemic to eastern Australia and Tasmania. Distinctive red …

A monotypic family (Blasia, 1 species) of simple thalloid liverworts. Thallus with flask-shaped structures containing Nostoc (cyanobacterium) for nitrogen fixation. …

A large fern family (~260 species, 25 genera). Terrestrial and epiphytic ferns with pinnate fronds and elongated sori running parallel …

A small family of leafy liverworts (~25 species, 2 genera). Found in cool humid forests worldwide, often on decaying wood.

A small Neotropical family (~30 species, 3 genera) of trees and shrubs. Found in tropical South America and Southeast Asia. …

A monotypic family of pleurocarpous mosses (Braithwaitea) from New Zealand. Found in humid forests.

A family of about 4,000 species including cabbage, broccoli, cauliflower, kale, radish, and mustard. Many important vegetables and oilseed crops.

The bromeliad family (~3,500 species, 58 genera). Mostly epiphytic plants with rosettes of stiff leaves forming water-collecting tanks. Includes pineapple …

A small family of acrocarpous mosses (~55 species, 4 genera). Found in disturbed habitats and bare soil. Characterized by subulate …

A monotypic family (Brunellia, ~60 species) of trees from montane forests of tropical Americas. Characterized by compound leaves with stipules …

A monotypic family (Bryowijkia ambigua) — a pleurocarpous moss from tropical Asia. Taxonomic placement has been debated.

A monotypic family (Bryoxiphium, ~5 species — sword mosses). Distinctive sword-shaped fronds. Found on damp rock faces in subtropical to …

The burmannia family (~125 species, 8 genera). Mostly small achlorophyllous mycoheterotrophic herbs or autotrophic plants with tiny flowers. Found in …

A monotypic family (Butomus umbellatus — flowering rush). An aquatic herb with triangular leaves and pink flowers in umbels. Found …

The box family (~115 species, 5 genera). Shrubs and trees with simple opposite leaves, small unisexual flowers, and 3-horned capsule …

A small family of highly reduced acrocarpous mosses (~12 species, 1 genus Buxbaumia — bug mosses). Largely vegetative body reduced; …

A small carnivorous plant family (~8 species, 1 genus Byblis — rainbow plants). Insectivorous herbs with glandular sticky linear leaves. …

A small aquatic family (~7 species, 2 genera). Floating-leaved aquatic herbs including fanwort (Cabomba) and watershield (Brasenia). Cosmopolitan in fresh …

A family of about 1,750 species adapted to arid environments. Native to the Americas. Store water in thick stems. Some …

The slipper flower family (~260 species, 2 genera). Herbs and shrubs with distinctive pouch-like bilabiate flowers. Includes Calceolaria (lady's slipper …

A family of pleurocarpous mosses (~20 species, 3 genera). Found on bark and rock in humid forests of Asia.

A family of pleurocarpous mosses (~300 species, 20+ genera). Characterized by double costa (nerve). Found in tropical and subtropical forests, …

A family of pleurocarpous mosses (~40 species, 6 genera). Found in aquatic and wetland habitats, especially fens and bogs. Includes …

A small family of pleurocarpous mosses (Calomnion) from Australasia and adjacent regions. Characteristic dimorphic leaves. Found on bark and rock …

A monotypic family (Catoscopium nigritum) — an acrocarpous moss of calcareous fens and bogs in boreal and arctic regions.

A monotypic family (Cercidiphyllum, 2 species — katsura trees). Deciduous trees from Japan and China with circular leaves and caramel-scented …

The cocoa plum family (~530 species, 18 genera). Trees and shrubs of tropical and subtropical habitats with simple alternate leaves …

A small moss family from Australasia and adjacent regions.

A small family (~2 species, 2 genera: Circaeaster and Kingdonia) of tiny delicate herbs from montane Asia. Found in alpine …

The summersweet family (~75 species, 2 genera). Trees and shrubs with alternate toothed leaves and fragrant white flowers in terminal …

A small family of pleurocarpous mosses (~10 species, 2 genera). Tree-like erect moss with spreading secondary branches. Found in wet …

A monotypic family (Coldenia procumbens) — a prostrate herb from arid regions of Africa and Asia. Formerly in Boraginaceae. Found …

The combretum family (~530 species, 20 genera). Trees, shrubs, and lianas of tropical regions with simple leaves and small flowers. …

A monotypic family (Coriaria, ~20 species) of shrubs and small trees. Often rhizomatous with opposite leaves and small flowers. Found …

A small family of complex thalloid liverworts (~5 species, 2 genera). Found in seasonally dry habitats in Mediterranean and arid …

A monotypic family (Corynocarpus, ~5 species) of trees endemic to the Pacific islands and New Zealand (karaka). Large edible drupes …

A small Western North American family (~12 species, 4 genera) of shrubs from arid and semi-arid habitats. Characterized by small …

A small Southeast Asian family (~10 species, 3 genera) of trees found in tropical lowland to montane forests. Characterized by …

A family of pleurocarpous mosses (~80 species, 8 genera). Found on bark, rock, and soil in diverse habitats worldwide.

A Southern Hemisphere family (~350 species, 27 genera) of trees and shrubs with opposite pinnate leaves and small flowers. Includes …

The cypress family (~130 species, 30 genera; includes Taxodiaceae). Conifers with scale-like or awl-like leaves and woody or fleshy cones. …

The titi family (~3 species, 2 genera) of shrubs and trees. Includes leatherwood (Cyrilla racemiflora) and buckwheat tree (Cliftonia). Found …

A small family (~10 species, 2 genera: Cytinus and Bdallophytum) of holoparasitic plants. Flower clusters emerge from host roots; lack …

A family of pleurocarpous mosses (~150 species, 8 genera). Pleurocarpous with paraphylliate stems. Found in humid tropical and subtropical forests, …

The davallia fern family (~65 species, 1 genus Davallia). Epiphytic ferns with scaly rhizomes and finely divided fronds; sori borne …

A monotypic family (Degeneria vitiensis) — a tree endemic to Fiji. Ancient angiosperm lineage. Characterized by primitive floral features (stamens …

A family of hornworts (~25 species, 4 genera). Characterized by large multistratose thalli. Found in tropical to subtropical humid forests, …

The bracken fern family (~240 species, 11 genera). Large coarse ferns with creeping rhizomes and much-divided fronds. Includes bracken (Pteridium), …

A large family of acrocarpous mosses (~1,000 species, 50+ genera). Slender plants with falcate leaves containing a strong costa. Found …

A family of small acrocarpous mosses (~200 species, 10 genera). Found in moist disturbed habitats and forest floors worldwide. Narrow …

A monotypic fern family (Didymochlaena, 1 species). Robust terrestrial fern with bipinnate fronds and distinctive oblong sori. Pantropical in humid …

A pantropical family (~400 species, 12 genera) of trees, shrubs, and lianas with conspicuous 5-petaled flowers and persistent calyx. Includes …

The yam family (~870 species, 4 genera). Mostly twining vines with tubers (true yams), heart-shaped leaves, and winged capsule fruits. …

A small family (~5 species, 2 genera) of trees and shrubs from tropical Asia. Characterized by small unisexual flowers and …

A monotypic family (Diphyscium, ~30 species). Acrocarpous mosses with very asymmetric leaves (larger dorsal leaves). Found on soil and rock …

A small fern family (~5 species, 2 genera: Diplaziopsis and Homalosorus). Terrestrial ferns with linear sori on both sides of …

A small relict fern family (~10 species, 2 genera). Ferns with deeply forked fronds and scattered sori lacking indusia. Found …

A monotypic family (Discelium nudum) of very small acrocarpous mosses. Found on wet clay soil near streams. A transitional season …

A small family of mosses (~20 species, 3 genera). Found in alpine and subalpine wet habitats in South America and …

A monotypic family (Doryanthes, 2 species) of very large monocots from eastern Australia. Giant terrestrial plants with rosettes of stiff …

The sundew family (~190 species, 3 genera). Carnivorous plants that trap insects with sticky glandular leaves. Includes sundews (Drosera), Venus …

A monotypic family (Drummondia, ~5 species) of small pleurocarpous mosses found on bark in temperate regions.

A large family of leafy liverworts (~700 species, 25+ genera). Pinnately branched with leaves divided into narrow segments. Found in …

The wood fern family (~1,700 species, 26 genera). Includes male ferns (Dryopteris), holly ferns (Polystichum), and shield ferns. Terrestrial ferns …

A monotypic family (Dumortiera, ~2 species) of simple thalloid liverworts. Found on moist rocks and banks near streams in tropical …

A small family of pleurocarpous mosses (~15 species, 3 genera). Robust papillose mosses found in humid forests on bark and …

A pantropical family (~600 species, 12 genera) of trees with simple alternate leaves, fringed petals, and drupe fruits with hard …

A small family (~35 species, 2 genera) of small aquatic or semi-aquatic herbs. Found in wet habitats worldwide. Includes waterworts …

A monotypic family (Emblingia calceoliflora) — a perennial herb endemic to Western Australia. Grows in sandy soils. Has unusual irregular …

A family of acrocarpous mosses (~60 species, 2 genera). Known as snuffer mosses for the long cap (calyptra) covering the …

A recently described family of liverworts (Endogemma) from northern regions. Very small plants with unusual vegetative reproduction.

A family of pleurocarpous mosses (~200 species, 12 genera). Glossy cylindrical stems. Found on bark, rock, and wood in forests …

The joint fir family (~65 species, 1 genus Ephedra). Gymnosperm shrubs with scale-like leaves and jointed photosynthetic stems. Found in …

The horsetail family (~15 species, 1 genus Equisetum). Ancient vascular plant lineage unchanged since the Mesozoic. Jointed hollow stems with …

A family of about 4,000 species including blueberries, cranberries, rhododendrons, azaleas, and heather. Thrive in acidic soils. Important ornamentals.

The pipewort family (~1,200 species, 10 genera). Grass-like herbs of wet habitats with button-like compact flower heads. Found in tropical …

A small family of pleurocarpous mosses (~50 species, 6 genera). Epizoochorous mosses that attach to bark and soil. Found mainly …

The coca family (~240 species, 4 genera). Trees and shrubs with simple alternate leaves and small 5-petaled flowers. Includes coca …

A family (~130 species, 10 genera) of shrubs and trees. Includes Escallonia (garden ornamentals from South America) and Tribelus. Found …

A monotypic family (Eucommia ulmoides — Chinese rubber tree). A deciduous tree from China; the only temperate rubber-producing plant. Leaves …

The spurge family (~6,000 species, 220 genera). Highly diverse; includes herbs, shrubs, trees, and succulents. Many produce milky latex. Includes …

A small family (~2 species, 1 genus Euptelea) of trees from China and Japan. Characterized by alternate toothed leaves and …

A monotypic family (Eustichia) from South America. Found in Patagonian habitats.

A Neotropical family (~130 species, 7 genera) of epiphytic and climbing shrubs. Flowers with modified nectar spurs (nectaries) shaped like …

The third-largest family of flowering plants with about 19,500 species. Includes beans, peas, lentils, soybeans, peanuts, and clover. Many fix …

A family of small pleurocarpous mosses (~100 species, 12 genera). Found on bark and rock in tropical to temperate forests …

A family of about 900 species including oaks, beeches, and chestnuts. Major forest trees of temperate regions. Important for timber …

A distinctive family of mosses (~450 species, 2 genera). Characterized by distichous leaf arrangement with a sheathing base around the …

A recently described family of pleurocarpous mosses (Flatbergium) from northern regions. Segregated from Calliergonaceae. Found in boreal wetlands.

A recently described moss family from specialized habitats.

A family of pleurocarpous aquatic mosses (~50 species, 3 genera). Found submerged or partially submerged in streams, rivers, and lakes. …

A family of simple thalloid liverworts (~60 species, 3 genera). Found in disturbed moist habitats worldwide. Characterized by loosely organized …

A small family (~45 species) of herbs and subshrubs from temperate South America and Eurasia (including Geranium and Melianthus after …

A family of leafy liverworts (~600 species, 1 genus Frullania). Epiphytic liverworts with bilobed leaves where the lower lobe forms …

A family of acrocarpous mosses (~290 species, 12 genera). Includes Funaria hygrometrica (cord moss), one of the most widespread mosses. …

A monotypic family (Geissoloma marginatum) — a shrub endemic to the Cape Floristic Region of South Africa. Characterized by opposite …

The gentian family (~1,700 species, 90 genera). Herbs and some shrubs with opposite leaves, fused petals often with fringed margins, …

The geranium family (~830 species, 7 genera). Herbs and shrubs with lobed or compound leaves, 5-petaled flowers, and beaked fruit …

The gesneriad family (~3,500 species, 160 genera). Mostly herbs with often fleshy opposite leaves and showy tubular flowers. Includes African …

The gnetum family (~35 species, 1 genus Gnetum). Tropical gymnosperms, mostly lianas, with broad net-veined leaves unlike other gymnosperms. Found …

A large family of acrocarpous mosses (~750 species, 30 genera). Specialized for dry, exposed rocky habitats. Often with hair-points on …

A small family (~7 species, 1 genus Griselinia) of trees and shrubs. Found in New Zealand and South America (a …

A family of aromatic herbs and shrubs with about 7,000 species. Includes mint, basil, rosemary, lavender, thyme, oregano, and sage.

A family of about 3,700 species including carrot, celery, parsley, dill, fennel, cumin, and coriander. Many important culinary herbs and …

A family of about 2,600 species of tropical and subtropical trees and shrubs. Includes coconut, date, oil palm, and rattan. …

A large family of pleurocarpous mosses (~500 species, 30 genera). Includes common forest mosses (Brachythecium). Found in diverse habitats worldwide.

A monotypic family of liverworts (Grollea) from New Caledonia. Recently described family.

The currant family (~150 species, 1 genus Ribes). Shrubs with alternate lobed leaves and racemes of small flowers. Includes currants …

A family (~50 species, 2 genera: Gunnera and Myrothamnus). Includes Gunnera (giant rhubarb-like leaves up to 3 m wide), the …

A family of leafy liverworts (~80 species, 8 genera). Small alpine and arctic plants with tightly imbricate leaves. Found in …

A monotypic family (Leptostomum, ~5 species). Acrocarpous mosses with urceolate capsules. Found in Australasia and Americas.

A small family of pleurocarpous mosses (~20 species, 3 genera). Found in tropical and subtropical regions on bark and rock.

A family of pleurocarpous mosses (~100 species, 15 genera). Often creeping and pinnately branched. Found on bark, rock, and soil …

A large family of flowering plants including roses, apples, cherries, plums, strawberries, and almonds. About 3,000 species. Many important fruit …

A family of about 1,100 species including figs, mulberries, breadfruit, and jackfruit. Many produce latex. Fig pollination by wasps is …

A monotypic family (Targonia, 2 species) of complex thalloid liverworts. Characterized by ventral scale-enclosed archegonia. Found on dry to moist …

One of the largest flowering plant families with about 28,000 species. Known for spectacular flowers. Found on every continent except …

A family of about 2,700 species including tomato, potato, eggplant, pepper, tobacco, and petunia. Some species are highly toxic (deadly …

A monotypic family (Gerrardina, 2 species) of shrubs from East Africa. Characterized by opposite leaves and small white flowers. Formerly …

The largest family of flowering plants with over 32,000 species. Includes sunflowers, daisies, chrysanthemums, lettuce, artichoke, and chamomile.

A family of about 1,000 species including cucumbers, melons, watermelons, squash, pumpkins, and gourds. Mostly tropical and subtropical vines.

A small Australian family (~17 species, 5 genera) of trees and shrubs. Plants often with soda-ash taste. Found in arid …

The witch-hazel family (~100 species, 27 genera). Trees and shrubs with simple alternate leaves and small strap-like petals. Includes witch-hazel …

A monotypic family (Helwingia, ~4 species) of shrubs from East and Southeast Asia. Characterized by flowers produced directly on leaf …

A monotypic family (Biebersteinia, ~5 species) of aromatic herbs from Central Asia to the Himalayas. Deeply divided leaves and small …

A small family of leafy liverworts (Brevianthos) from New Caledonia. Found in humid forest habitats.

The rockrose family (~200 species, 8 genera). Shrubs and herbs with often sticky leaves, crinkled 5-petaled flowers lasting one day, …

The colchicum family (~285 species, 15 genera). Bulbous or cormous monocots with large tepals and capsule fruits. Includes autumn crocus …

A family (~300 species, 4 genera) of trees, shrubs, and some herbs, formerly in Boraginaceae. Includes Cordia with edible fruits. …

The dipterocarp family (~500 species, 17 genera). Dominant canopy trees of Southeast Asian tropical rainforests. Characterized by 2–5 winged fruits. …

A monotypic family (Euphronia hirtelloides) — a small tree from Venezuela and Guiana. Characterized by simple alternate leaves and small …

A monotypic family (Jackiella, ~2 species) — a leafy liverwort from Southeast Asia. Found in humid forests.

A small Neotropical family (~14 species, 2 genera) of trees and shrubs with simple alternate leaves and catkin-like inflorescences. Found …

A monotypic fern family (Plagiogyria, ~37 species). Terrestrial ferns with erect rhizomes and dimorphic fronds. Found in montane forests from …

The posidonia family (~10 species, 1 genus). Marine seagrasses forming extensive submarine meadows. Includes Neptune grass (Posidonia oceanica), critical for …

The buttercup family (~2,500 species, 62 genera). Mostly herbs with simple to compound leaves and flower parts spirally arranged. Includes …

The soapberry family (~1,900 species, 140 genera; includes Aceraceae and Hippocastanaceae). Trees, shrubs, and vines. Includes maples (Acer), horse chestnut …

The ice plant family (~1,900 species, 130 genera). Succulent herbs and shrubs with showy flowers and often crystalline papillae on …

A monotypic family of mosses (Allisonia) from South Africa. A small, poorly understood lineage.

A monotypic family with Batis maritima and B. argillicola — succulent halophytic shrubs of coastal salt marshes in the Americas …

A small family (~5 species, 2 genera) of monocots from Tasmania and New Caledonia. Rhizomatous herbs with grass-like leaves and …

A monotypic family (Carlemannia, ~4 species) of herbs from the Himalayas and Southeast Asia. Found in montane forests. Characterized by …

A small family of leafy liverworts (~10 species, 2 genera). Found in cool humid forests and bogs worldwide.

A pantropical family (~70 species, 5 genera) of trees and lianas with alternate leaves, small flowers, and wing-bearing fruits. Includes …

A monotypic family of liverworts (Herzogianthus) from Antarctic and subantarctic regions.

A small family of simple thalloid liverworts (~5 species, 2 genera). Found in cool moist habitats in temperate regions.

The milkwort family (~1,000 species, 20 genera). Herbs, shrubs, and trees with irregular flowers resembling papilionoid legumes. Includes milkworts (Polygala) …

The American pitcher plant family (~33 species, 3 genera). Carnivorous plants with tubular or trumpet-shaped leaves modified as pitfall traps. …

A small family (~35 species, 3 genera) of trees and shrubs that are root hemiparasites. Found in tropical and subtropical …

A monotypic family (Stephaniella) — a small leafy liverwort from Andean South America. Found in high-altitude grasslands.

A small family (~4 species, 2 genera) of rush-like herbs from South America (Thurnia) and Africa (Prionium). Found in wet, …

The alstroemeria family (~250 species, 4 genera). Rhizomatous South American monocots with resupinate leaves and often showy flowers. Includes Peruvian …

A monotypic family of pleurocarpous mosses (Ambuchanania) recently described from Tasmania. Found in peatlands.

The frankincense family (~750 species, 19 genera). Tropical trees and shrubs with resinous bark and pinnate leaves. Includes frankincense (Boswellia), …

A monotypic family (Grubbea, ~5 species) of ericoid shrubs endemic to the Cape Floristic Region of South Africa. Characterized by …

A monotypic family (Hanguana, ~2 species) of robust monocot herbs from Southeast Asian swamp forests. Characterized by broad leaves on …

A recently described moss family. Found in specialized humid habitats.

A Neotropical family (~55 species, 8 genera) of trees and shrubs with simple alternate leaves and small flowers. Includes sacupira …

A family of acrocarpous mosses (~400 species, 20+ genera). Characterized by pale whitish cushions formed by large water-storing hyalocysts. Found …

A family of pleurocarpous mosses (~70 species, 8 genera). Often pendulous or creeping on bark and rock in forests worldwide.

The star anise family (~90 species, 3 genera; includes Illiciaceae). Ancient woody plants with aromatic leaves and fleshy aggregate fruits. …

A monotypic family (Setchellanthus caeruleus) — a shrub from Mexican deserts. Characterized by blue-purple flowers. Rare plant of arid habitats …

A small family of simple thalloid liverworts (~35 species, 2 genera). Found in disturbed, seasonally moist habitats worldwide, especially Mediterranean-type …

A monotypic family (Stegnosperma, ~3 species) of trees and shrubs from Mexico and Caribbean. Characterized by alternate simple leaves and …

A family (~7 species, 3 genera) of large monocot herbs with fan-like arrangements of large leaves and spectacular flowers on …

A fern family (~120 species, 1 genus Anemia). Ferns with bipinnate fronds where the lowest pair of pinnae are fertile …

The St. John's wort family (~595 species, 14 genera; restricted after APG). Trees and shrubs with opposite leaves, resinous glands, …

A monotypic family (Datisca, 2 species) of large herbs. Found in dry rocky habitats in Asia and western North America. …

A monotypic family (Desmophlebium) — a fern recently segregated from Thelypteridaceae. Found in humid tropical forests.

A monotypic family (Galbulimima, 2 species) of aromatic trees from northeastern Australia and New Guinea. Considered among the most ancient …

The sesame family (~70 species, 13 genera). Herbs with sticky glandular hairs and often irregular flowers. Includes sesame (Sesamum indicum), …

A monotypic family of liverworts (Phyllothallia) from New Zealand. Found in cool, humid forest habitats.

A small family of liverworts related to Moerckiaceae from temperate regions.

The nettle family (~2,600 species, 54 genera). Herbs, shrubs, and trees often with stinging hairs. Includes stinging nettles (Urtica), ramie …

A small family of complex thalloid liverworts (~5 species, 2 genera). Found in humid tropical forests in Asia.

The cliff fern family (~30 species, 1 genus Woodsia). Small terrestrial ferns of rock crevices and slopes with cup-like indusia …

A small family (~11 species, 5 genera) of shrubs from Australasia (New Zealand, New Caledonia, New Guinea, Australia). Characterized by …

A family of leafy liverworts (~300 species, 20 genera). Found in humid forests and bogs worldwide. Characterized by transversely inserted …

The bellflower family (~2,400 species, 84 genera). Herbs and shrubs with milky sap, alternate leaves, and bell-shaped or irregular flowers. …

A recently described small family of leafy liverworts. Found in tropical and subtropical regions.

A family of pleurocarpous mosses (~100 species, 8 genera). Flattened glossy mosses of humid forests. Found in tropical and subtropical …

A monotypic family (Neotrichocolea) — a leafy liverwort from Japan. Characterized by finely divided leaf segments.

A small fern family (~40 species, 2 genera). Climbing or terrestrial ferns with simple elongated fronds and round sori. Found …

A small family of pleurocarpous mosses (~15 species, 1 genus Orthostichella). Found in humid tropical forests.

The buckwheat family (~1,200 species, 48 genera). Herbs with swollen stem nodes (ocrea), alternate leaves, and small often wind-pollinated flowers. …

A monotypic family of liverworts (Rhizogemma) from specialized humid tropical habitats.

A monotypic family (Ripogonum, ~6 species) of scrambling shrubs from Australasia. Found in wet forests of Australia, New Zealand, New …

The borage family (~2,700 species, 100 genera). Herbs with alternate leaves, often hispid stems, and scorpioid cymes of tubular flowers. …

The cibotium family (~11 species, 1 genus). Large tree ferns with golden-hairy rhizomes. Found in tropical Asia and Pacific islands; …

A pantropical family (~180 species, 12 genera) of trees, shrubs, and lianas with compound leaves and small 5-petaled flowers. Fruits …

A small family (~18 species, 6 genera) of low-growing herbs and dwarf shrubs of cold alpine and arctic habitats. Includes …

A monotypic family (Dirachma, 2 species) of spiny shrubs from Socotra Island (Yemen) and the Horn of Africa. Characterized by …

A small family (~3 species, 2 genera) of trees from tropical Africa. Includes Hua, known for its strong spicy smell. …

The hydrangea family (~250 species, 9 genera). Shrubs and small trees with opposite leaves and showy flowers often with sterile …

A small family (~12 species, 1 genus Hydrolea) of herbs and shrubs in aquatic or semi-aquatic habitats. Found in tropical …

A monotypic family of highly reduced mosses from the tropics.

A monotypic family (Mylia, ~6 species) of leafy liverworts. Found in bogs and wet forests, especially in cool temperate regions.

The trigger plant family (~245 species, 6 genera). Herbs with irritable columns (pollinator-triggered), linear leaves, and racemes of flowers. Found …

A monotypic family with a single species, Ticodendron incognitum — a tree from Central America. Discovered only in 1989. Wind-pollinated …

The custard apple family (~2,400 species, 110 genera). Trees and shrubs with aromatic wood, alternate simple leaves, and fleshy aggregate …

A small family of leafy liverworts (~5 species, 1 genus Blepharidophyllum). Found in cool forests of southern South America and …

The stonecrop family (~1,400 species, 34 genera). Succulent herbs and shrubs with fleshy leaves and CAM photosynthesis. Includes sedums, echeverias, …

A monotypic family (Goupia glabra) — a large tree from tropical South America. Important timber tree (goupi) of the Amazon. …

A Southern Hemisphere family (~200 species, 25 genera) of aromatic trees and shrubs. Often with opposite toothed leaves and unisexual …

A family of leafy liverworts (~25 species, 5 genera). Found in cool humid forests worldwide.

A small family (~3 species, 2 genera: Quillaja and Kageneckia) of trees and shrubs from South America. Quillaja saponaria (soapbark) …

A family of simple thalloid liverworts (~200 species, 2 genera). Includes floating aquatic Riccia and terrestrial species. Found in disturbed …

A family of simple thalloid liverworts (~25 species, 1 genus Riella). Aquatic or semi-aquatic plants. Found in shallow water and …

A small family (~3 species, 2 genera: Berberidopsis and Aextoxicon). Trees and shrubs from Chile and eastern Australia. Characterized by …

A small family (~3 species, 2 genera: Centroplacus and Bhesa) of trees from tropical Africa and Asia. Characterized by alternate …

The Dicksonia tree fern family (~30 species, 3 genera). Massive tree ferns with trunk-forming stipes and bipinnate fronds. Native to …

A family (~430 species, 12 genera) of herbs and shrubs. Characterized by a pollen cup (indusium) on the style. Includes …

A monotypic family (Halophytum ameghinoi) — a small succulent annual herb endemic to salt flats of Patagonian Argentina. Highly salt-tolerant. …

A family (~450 species, 4 genera) of herbs and shrubs formerly in Boraginaceae. Characterized by scorpioid cymes of small tubular …

A family (~250 species, 14 genera) of herbs formerly in Boraginaceae. Characterized by scorpioid cymes. Includes Phacelia and Nemophila. Mostly …

A small family (~20 species, 2 genera) of trees native to New Caledonia. Related to Apiaceae and Araliaceae. Characterized by …

A recently described family of mosses from Australasia.

A very small moss family from Australia and New Zealand. Found in cool humid habitats.

A monotypic family (Sciadopitys verticillata — Japanese umbrella pine). A conifer with distinctive whorled double-needle leaf bundles. Endemic to Japan; …

A monotypic family of leafy liverworts from the tropics.

A family (~230 species, 5 genera) of shrubs and small trees, formerly in Caprifoliaceae. Includes viburnum (Viburnum) with showy flower …

A Neotropical family (~200 species, 8 genera) of trees and shrubs with opposite leaves and showy irregular flowers. Important timber …

A small family of leafy liverworts (~30 species, 3 genera). Found in cool humid forests of Southern Hemisphere and montane …

A small tropical family (~14 species, 5 genera) of aromatic trees. Considered an ancient angiosperm lineage. Includes wild cinnamon (Canella). …

A monotypic family (Cephalotaxus, ~12 species — plum yews). Conifer shrubs with yew-like leaves and olive-like fleshy seeds. Found in …

The bladder fern family (~30 species, 4 genera). Delicate terrestrial ferns with pinnate fronds and hood-like indusia. Found in moist, …

A monotypic family (Eupomatia, 3 species) of shrubs and trees from Australia and New Guinea. Ancient angiosperm lineage. Pollinated by …

A family (~10 species, 1 genus Trithuria) of tiny aquatic herbs. Found in Africa, Australia, and South Asia. Considered to …

A monotypic family (Hydrostachys, ~22 species) of highly modified aquatic herbs attached to rocks in fast-flowing African streams. Reduced body …

A monotypic family (Hygrobiella) — a small leafy liverwort from cool montane habitats.

A family of large pleurocarpous mosses (~30 species, 6 genera). Robust pinnately to bipinnately branched forest floor mosses. Includes feather …

A family (~120 species, 10 genera) of herbs often in dry or disturbed habitats. Includes carpetweed (Mollugo). Found mainly in …

The banana family (~3 genera, ~90 species). Giant monocot herbs with pseudostems formed by leaf sheaths and enormous leaves. Includes …

A monotypic family (Sarcobatus, 2 species — greasewood). Halophytic shrubs of western North American alkali flats and salt deserts. Toxic …

A small pantropical family (~35 species, 4 genera) of climbers and herbs with tuberous roots and alternate or whorled leaves. …

The daphne family (~900 species, 45 genera). Shrubs and trees with tough fibrous bark, simple alternate leaves, and tubular flowers …

The honeysuckle family (~860 species, 42 genera; now includes Dipsacaceae and Valerianaceae). Shrubs, vines, and herbs. Includes honeysuckle (Lonicera), elder …

The she-oak family (~70 species, 4 genera). Trees and shrubs with jointed photosynthetic branchlets resembling horsetails, reduced scale leaves, and …

A monotypic family (Gomortega keule) — a tree endemic to central Chile. Produces edible yellow drupes. Critically endangered due to …

A monotypic family (Haplomitrium) — among the most primitive living liverworts, with an upright stem and 3 ranks of leaves. …

A monotypic family of liverworts (Monocarpos) from tropical regions.

A small family (~10 species, 3 genera) of xerophytic shrubs from arid regions. Includes nitre bush (Nitraria) and Peganum harmala …

A monotypic family of liverworts from specialized tropical habitats.

The sandalwood family (~990 species, 50 genera; includes Viscaceae). Parasitic and hemiparasitic trees, shrubs, and herbs. Includes sandalwood (Santalum), mistletoe …

The figwort family (~1,900 species, 60 genera; after APG restructuring). Herbs and shrubs with bilabiate flowers and capsule fruits. Includes …

The quassia family (~110 species, 20 genera). Trees and shrubs with pinnate leaves, small flowers, and bitter compounds (quassinoids). Includes …

A monotypic family (Thomandersia, ~5 species) of shrubs and small trees from tropical West and Central Africa. Formerly in Acanthaceae. …

The eelgrass family (~60 species, 2 genera). Marine or brackish water submerged seagrasses forming extensive underwater meadows. Includes eelgrass (Zostera …

The impatiens family (~1,000 species, 2 genera). Succulent herbs with spurred irregular flowers and explosive capsule fruits. Includes touch-me-nots (Impatiens) …

A small family (~10 species, 2 genera: Borya and Alania) of xerophytic monocots from Australia. Borya is a resurrection plant. …

A small family (~5 species, 2 genera: Columellia and Desfontainia) of shrubs from Andean South America. Characterized by opposite leaves …

A recently described family of mosses, segregated from Dicranellaceae.

A monotypic family (Ecdeiocolea monostachya) — a rush-like plant endemic to southwestern Australia. Grows in seasonally dry sandy habitats. Related …

A small family of acrocarpous mosses (~10 species, 1 genus Hymenoloma). Found on wet rock in alpine and arctic habitats.

A recently described family of mosses from specialized habitats.

A monotypic family (Noteroclada, 2 species) of simple thalloid liverworts from the Southern Hemisphere. Found near streams in cool humid …

A monotypic family (Phelline, ~12 species) of shrubs and trees endemic to New Caledonia. Characterized by leathery alternate leaves and …

The primrose family (~2,600 species, 58 genera; includes Myrsinaceae). Herbs and shrubs with often basal leaves and 5-petaled flowers. Includes …

A small family of leafy liverworts (~5 species, 2 genera). Characterized by finely ciliated leaves giving a feathery appearance. Found …

A monotypic family (Saccogyna) of leafy liverworts from Western Europe. Found in humid Atlantic woodlands.

A small family (~30 species, 4 genera) of monocots found in bogs, fens, and wet meadows. Includes false asphodel (Tofieldia). …

A small tropical and subtropical family (~30 species, 8 genera) of trees and shrubs. Formerly restricted to 3 African genera, …

A small family (~10 species, 2 genera) of shrubs from the Americas. Found in arid and semi-arid subtropical regions. Small …

A pantropical family (~460 species, 14 genera) of trees with opposite leaves, showy flowers, and drupe fruits. Includes Calophyllum (tamanu …

A small ancient family (~77 species, 4 genera) of herbs, shrubs, and trees. One of the earliest diverging angiosperm lineages. …

A family (~3 species, 3 genera) of lianas from West African rainforests. Some are carnivorous (Triphyophyllum has adhesive gland-bearing leaves …

A monotypic family (Flagellaria, ~4 species) of climbing vines with leaf tips modified into tendrils. Found in tropical Africa, Asia, …

The filmy fern family (~600 species, 9 genera). Delicate ferns with fronds just 1-cell thick, requiring constant humidity. Found in …

A small family of leafy liverworts (~5 species, 1 genus Hymenophytum) from southern South America. Found in Valdivian temperate rainforests.

The bogbean family (~60 species, 5 genera). Aquatic or semiaquatic herbs with trifoliate or floating leaves and fringed flowers. Includes …

A monotypic family (Monosolenium) of complex thalloid liverworts from East Asia. Related to Marchantiaceae.

A mostly tropical family (~100 species, 3 genera) of trees, shrubs, and lianas. Characterized by 5-merous flowers and drupe fruits. …

The spike moss family (~700 species, 1 genus Selaginella). Lycophytes with small dimorphic leaves, 4-ranked arrangement, and ligulate leaves. Range …

A recently described liverwort family from tropical regions.

The verbena family (~850 species, 35 genera). Herbs, shrubs, and trees with opposite leaves, small tubular flowers in spikes, and …

The cycad family (~220 species, 9 genera; largest cycad family). Ancient gymnosperms with palm-like compound leaves, crowns on unbranched trunks, …

A monotypic family (Aphloia theiformis) — a shrub or small tree from Madagascar, East Africa, and Mascarene Islands. Leaves used …

A small South African family (~75 species, 12 genera) of ericoid shrubs with small scale-like leaves. Restricted to the Cape …

The morning glory family (~1,600 species, 57 genera). Twining vines, herbs, and shrubs with funnel-shaped flowers and 3-lobed stigmas. Includes …

A monotypic family (Ctenolophon, 2 species) of trees from tropical Africa and Southeast Asia. Characterized by opposite leaves and capsule …

A monotypic family (Cyathodium, ~15 species) of simple thalloid liverworts. Found in humid tropical and subtropical regions on soil and …

A monotypic family (Goebeliella) of leafy liverworts from Southeast Asia.

A monotypic family (Monoclea, 2 species) of large simple thalloid liverworts from the Southern Hemisphere. Found on moist soil and …

A family of hornworts (~25 species, 5 genera). Characterized by shorter sporophytes than Anthocerotaceae. Found in tropical to warm temperate …

The tupelo family (~22 species, 5 genera; includes Cornaceae in some classifications). Trees with simple alternate leaves and small unisexual …

A monotypic family (Stachyurus, ~6 species) of shrubs and trees from East Asia. Characterized by pendulous racemes of yellow flowers …

The nasturtium family (~100 species, 3 genera). Herbs with peltate leaves, spurred flowers, and fleshy schizocarpic fruits. Includes nasturtiums (Tropaeolum) …

The araucaria family (~41 species, 3 genera). Ancient conifers (Mesozoic relicts) with spirally arranged leaves and large globular cones. Includes …

A Southern Hemisphere family (~16 species, 7 genera) of aromatic trees. Includes sassafras relatives. Found in eastern Australia, New Zealand, …

The barberry family (~650 species, 15 genera). Herbs and shrubs with often compound leaves and flowers with 6 free petals. …

A small family (~60 species, 6 genera) of herbs from South American Andes and Patagonia. Characterized by small capitulate flower …

A small Neotropical family (~25 species, 2 genera) of large trees with opposite trifoliate leaves and large nuts (souari nuts). …

The scaly tree ferns (~700 species, 6 genera). Tree ferns with persistent stipe bases and scales on rhizomes. Found in …

The manatee grass family (~16 species, 5 genera). Marine seagrasses of tropical and subtropical shallow coastal waters. Important habitat for …

A family (~90 species, 4 genera) of halophytic shrubs and herbs. Includes sea heath (Frankenia). Found in salt marshes, coastal …

The St. John's wort family (~550 species, 9 genera; restricted from Clusiaceae). Herbs and shrubs with gland-dotted leaves and yellow …

A large family of pleurocarpous mosses (~700 species, 60+ genera). Feathery or prostrate mats with pinnately branched stems and ovate …

A small fern family (~10 species, 2 genera) of terrestrial ferns in Asia. Closely related to Dryopteridaceae. Found in montane …

A monotypic family (Neohodgsonia mirabilis) — a simple thalloid liverwort from New Zealand. Found on wet soil and rock.

The wood sorrel family (~570 species, 6 genera). Herbs and some trees with compound (often trifoliate) leaves, 5-petaled flowers, and …

A monotypic family (Phymatoceros, 1 species) of hornworts. Found in Mediterranean-type climates of western North America.

The bulrush family (~50 species, 2 genera). Tall aquatic or wetland herbs with cylindrical stems, strap-like leaves, and dense cylindrical …

A Neotropical family (~100 species, 16 genera) of grass-like herbs found in wet savannas and tepui summits of South America …

The moonseed family (~520 species, 70 genera). Mostly tropical lianas and shrubs with alternate simple leaves and small unisexual flowers. …

A monotypic family (Rhabdodendron, ~3 species) of trees from tropical South America. Characterized by alternate simple leaves and small flowers …

A monotypic family (Muntingia calabura — Jamaica cherry) — a fast-growing tree from tropical Americas. Produces small sweet red berries. …

A monotypic family (Sphenoclea, 2 species) of semi-aquatic herbs. Found in wet disturbed habitats (rice paddies, ditches) in tropical and …

A family of leafy liverworts (~100 species, 10 genera). Found in humid forests worldwide. Characterized by large postical underleaves.

A large family of acrocarpous mosses (~800 species, 15 genera). Includes Bryum and Pohlia, common in disturbed habitats, waste ground, …

A monotypic family (Codon, 2 species) of spiny herbs from South Africa and Namibia. Related to Boraginaceae. Grows in sandy …

A pantropical family (~150 species, 8 genera) of trees and shrubs, formerly included in Boraginaceae. Characterized by alternate leaves and …

A monotypic family (Fouquieria, ~11 species) of deciduous spiny shrubs and trees from Mexican and Sonoran deserts. Includes ocotillo (Fouquieria …

A monotypic family (Hypodontium) of small acrocarpous mosses found on rock in South Africa.

A family of pleurocarpous mosses (~20 species, 3 genera). Characterized by flattened, fern-like fronds with 3 rows of leaves. Found …

The hypoxis family (~200 species, 10 genera). Cormous monocots with grass-like leaves and small yellow star-shaped flowers. Includes star grass …

The iris family (~2,000 species, 65 genera). Bulbous or rhizomatous herbs with equitant leaves and 3+3 petaloid tepals. Includes iris, …

A family (~20 species, 2 genera: Itea and Choristylis) of shrubs. Includes Virginia willow (Itea virginica). Found in North America …

A monotypic family (Ixiolirion, ~3 species) of bulbous monocots from Central Asia to Afghanistan. Characterized by linear basal leaves and …

A pantropical family (~20 species, 2 genera) of trees with simple alternate leaves and small flowers. Found in tropical forests …

A monotypic family (Joinvillea, ~2 species) of robust grass-like monocots from islands of the Pacific and Malaysia. Found in forested …

A family of leafy liverworts (~45 species, 2 genera). Found on bark and rock in humid tropical to temperate forests …

The arrowgrass family (~15 species, 4 genera). Rush-like herbs of salt marshes and coastal wetlands with linear leaves and spike …

A family of leafy liverworts (~350 species, 15 genera). Characterized by succubously inserted entire or lobed leaves. Found in humid …

A recently described family of mosses from Hawaii. Found in specialized volcanic habitats.

A monotypic family (Kewa, ~5 species) of herbs from Africa and the Indian Ocean islands. Formerly in Portulacaceae. Found in …

A small family (~6 species, 1 genus Kirkia) of trees found in tropical and southern Africa. Characterized by pinnate leaves …

A monotypic family (Krameria, ~17 species) of semi-parasitic shrubs native to arid Americas. Roots parasitize neighboring plants; flowers have oil-secreting …

The lily family (~670 species, 15 genera; now circumscribed more narrowly). Bulbous geophytes with large showy flowers with 6 tepals. …

A small family (~25 species, 2 genera) of herbs and small shrubs. Includes Limeum from Africa and Arabia. Characterized by …

A small family (~8 species, 2 genera) of annual herbs from North America. Grows in vernal pools and moist meadows. …

The flax family (~300 species, 14 genera). Herbs and shrubs with simple alternate leaves, 5-petaled flowers, and capsule fruits. Includes …

A family (~195 species, 13 genera) of small herbs often found in wet habitats. Characterized by opposite leaves and bilabiate …

A tropical and subtropical fern family (~200 species, 7 genera). Small ferns with regularly pinnate fronds and elongated marginal sori. …

The stickleaf family (~265 species, 15 genera). Herbs with rough or stinging hairs, alternate leaves, and complex flowers often with …

The logania family (~420 species, 15 genera). Trees, shrubs, vines, and herbs. Includes strychnine (Strychnos nux-vomica) and many alkaloid-producing plants. …

A fern family (~65 species, 5 genera). Includes terrestrial, climbing, and epiphytic ferns. Related to Dryopteridaceae. Found in tropical and …

A monotypic family (Lonchitis, 2 species) of terrestrial ferns from tropical Africa and America. Bipinnate fronds with elongated marginal sori. …

A small family (~8 species, 2 genera) of herbs from Africa and Arabian Peninsula. Characterized by simple leaves and small …

A family of leafy liverworts (~200 species, 10 genera). Characterized by bilobed leaves and large underleaves. Found in forests worldwide, …

A monotypic family (Lophopyxis maingayi) — a liana from tropical Southeast Asia. Characterized by alternate leaves and small greenish flowers. …

A family of leafy liverworts (~400 species, 20 genera). Found in cool moist habitats worldwide, especially in bogs, forests, and …

The mistletoe family (~950 species, 75 genera). Hemiparasitic shrubs growing on tree branches with haustorial connections to host vascular tissue. …

A monotypic family (Orchidantha, ~15 species) of rhizomatous herbs from tropical Southeast Asia. Related to Zingiberaceae and Musaceae. Found in …

A small fern family (~2 species, 2 genera: Loxsoma and Loxsomopsis) from New Zealand and tropical Americas. Terrestrial ferns with …

A monotypic family (Lunularia cruciata). Complex thalloid liverwort common in greenhouses and moist gardens worldwide. Distinctive crescent-shaped gemmae receptacles.

A monotypic family (Plocosperma buxifolium) — a shrub from Mexico and Central America. Found in dry tropical forests. Characterized by …

The leadwort family (~800 species, 30 genera). Herbs and shrubs of salt marshes and dry rocky habitats with small 5-petaled …

The most economically important plant family. Includes wheat, rice, corn, barley, sugarcane, and bamboo. About 12,000 species covering 40% of …

The podocarp family (~175 species, 18 genera). Conifers with fleshy or dry berry-like seed structures (receptacle + seed). Dominant conifers …

Aquatic plants (~300 species, 50 genera) that grow on rocks in fast-flowing tropical rivers. Highly reduced body plan resembles algae …

The phlox family (~400 species, 26 genera). Herbs and shrubs with often showy 5-petaled flowers and capsule fruits. Includes phlox, …

The buckthorn family (~950 species, 55 genera). Trees, shrubs, and lianas with simple leaves, small 4–5-petaled flowers, and drupe or …

The mangrove family (~100 species, 17 genera). Known for mangrove trees (Rhizophora) with distinctive prop roots, vivipary (seeds germinate on …

The clubmoss family (~400 species, 16 genera). Ancient lycophyte lineage with small simple leaves (microphylls) and terminal strobili bearing spores. …

The climbing fern family (~40 species, 1 genus Lygodium). Twining climbing ferns with indeterminate fronds that climb by wrapping leaflets …

The loosestrife family (~620 species, 30 genera). Herbs, shrubs, and trees with crinkled petals inserted on a hypanthium. Includes pomegranate …

A monotypic family (Macarthuria, ~11 species) of shrubs endemic to southwestern Australia. Characterized by small linear leaves and small white …

The magnolia family (~200 species, 3 genera). Ancient flowering plant lineage with large solitary flowers, numerous free tepals and stamens, …

A monotypic family (Makinoa, 1 species) — a simple thalloid liverwort from East Asia. Found on wet rock faces near …

The barbados cherry family (~1,250 species, 75 genera). Tropical and subtropical shrubs, trees, and lianas with opposite leaves, 5 clawed …

A family of about 4,200 species including cotton, cacao, okra, hibiscus, and baobab. Economically important for fiber, food, and ornamentals.

The prayer plant family (~550 species, 29 genera). Rhizomatous herbs with distinctive leaf movement (nyctinasty), pulvinus, and asymmetric flowers with …

The giant fern family (~150 species, 7 genera). Large eusporangiate ferns — one of the most ancient fern lineages — …

The marchantia family (~70 species, 3 genera). Well-known complex thalloid liverworts with umbrella-like archegoniophores and antheridiophores. Includes Marchantia polymorpha, common …

The water clover family (~65 species, 3 genera). Aquatic or semi-aquatic ferns with 4-leaflet clover-like or grass-like leaves and sporocarps. …

The devil's claw family (~13 species, 5 genera). Herbs with large 2-lipped flowers and hooked horned seed pods. Includes devil's …

A small family of leafy liverworts (~5 species, 1 genus Mastigophora) from humid tropical and subtropical forests. Found on bark …

A small relict fern family (~4 species, 2 genera). Fan-shaped fronds with umbrella-like pinnule arrangement. Found in tropical Southeast Asia. …

A monotypic family (Maundia, 1 species) — a rhizomatous aquatic herb from eastern Australia. Found in freshwater wetlands. Related to …

A monotypic family (Mayaca, ~10 species) of aquatic herbs from tropical Americas and West Africa. Slender plants with spirally arranged …

A family (~30 species, 3 genera) of herbs, formerly in Scrophulariaceae. Includes Mazus, a low-growing creeping herb. Found in Asia …

A small family of acrocarpous mosses (~15 species, 3 genera). Found in fens and wet meadows in boreal and arctic …

A monotypic family (Microtea, ~8 species) of herbs from tropical Americas. Small herbs of disturbed habitats, with alternate leaves and …

A monotypic family (Misodendrum, ~11 species) of hemiparasitic shrubs endemic to southern South America. Parasitizes Nothofagus (southern beech) trees in …

A monotypic family (Mitrastemon, ~2 species) of holoparasitic plants from tropical Asia and Central America. Grows endophytically within host plant …

A family (~230 species, 14 genera; includes Portulacaceae in part) of herbs and shrubs mainly from the Americas. Includes miner's …

A monotypic family (Moringa, ~13 species) of deciduous trees with tuberous roots, pinnate leaves, and winged or 3-angled seeds. Includes …

The bayberry family (~50 species, 3 genera). Trees and shrubs with aromatic resinous leaves and catkin inflorescences. Includes bayberry (Myrica), …

The nutmeg family (~475 species, 20 genera). Tropical trees with aromatic leaves, dioecious small flowers, and fleshy fruits with a …

A monotypic family (Myrothamnus, 2 species) — resurrection plants from southern and eastern Africa. Can lose virtually all water and …

A family of about 5,900 species including eucalyptus, clove, guava, and allspice. Dominant in Australian and tropical forests. Many aromatic …

The sword fern family (~30 species, 1 genus Nephrolepis). Terrestrial and epiphytic ferns with pinnate fronds and kidney-shaped indusia. Includes …

The southern beech family (~43 species, 4 genera). Dominant forest trees of the Southern Hemisphere temperate zone in South America, …

A small family of leafy liverworts (~15 species, 2 genera). Found in humid tropical and subtropical forests.

A small family of leafy liverworts. Found in humid forest habitats.

A monotypic family (Oedipodium griffithianum) — a small acrocarpous moss from boreal to subarctic regions. Capsule lacks a peristome. Found …

A pantropical family (~30 species, 5 genera) of trees and shrubs, many of which are root hemiparasites. Simple alternate leaves …

A monotypic family of leafy liverworts (Oleolophozia) from South America. Recently segregated from Lophoziaceae. Found in Patagonian forests.

The evening primrose family (~650 species, 22 genera). Herbs and shrubs with 4-petaled flowers and inferior ovary. Includes evening primrose …

A monotypic family (Oncotheca balansae) — a large tree endemic to New Caledonia. Characterized by large toothed leaves. Represents a …

The sensitive fern family (~5 species, 4 genera). Ferns with strongly dimorphic fronds; fertile fronds bear tightly rolled pinnules protecting …

The adder's tongue fern family (~100 species, 10 genera). Unique ferns with a single frond divided into sterile and fertile …

A pantropical family (~30 species, 10 genera) of trees, shrubs, and lianas. Hemiparasitic; roots tap into host root vascular system. …

A small family of pleurocarpous mosses (Orthorrhynchium) from Southeast Asia. Found in humid forests.

The royal fern family (~20 species, 4 genera). Ancient fern lineage with thick rhizomes and dimorphic or partially fertile fronds. …

A small tropical family (~10 species, 3 genera) of trees found in tropical West Africa and Southeast Asia. Characterized by …

A family (~12 species, 3 genera) including Paracryphia, Quintinia, and Sphenostemon. Found in New Caledonia, eastern Australia, and the Philippines. …

The passion flower family (~700 species, 17 genera). Herbs, shrubs, and lianas with tendrils, complex flowers with a corona, and …

A small family (1–2 genera, ~7 species) of fast-growing trees native to China. Includes princess tree (Paulownia tomentosa), an important …

A family of simple thalloid liverworts (~30 species, 3 genera). Found in moist shaded habitats worldwide. Includes Pellia, common on …

A small South African family (~25 species, 7 genera) of ericoid shrubs restricted to the Cape Floristic Region. Characterized by …

A monotypic family (Pennantia, ~4 species) of trees from New Zealand, Australia, and Norfolk Island. Characterized by small white flowers …

A monotypic family (Pentadiplandra brazzeana) — a liana from West Africa. Remarkable for producing brazzein, an intensely sweet protein. Found …

A monotypic family (Pentaphragma, ~30 species) of fleshy herbs from tropical Southeast Asia. Characterized by succulent alternate leaves and small …

A family (~330 species, 12 genera) of trees and shrubs, including Ternstroemia and Eurya. Found mainly in tropical and subtropical …

A monotypic family (Penthorum, 2 species — ditch stonecrops). Semi-aquatic herbs from eastern Asia and North America. Found in ditches, …

A small tropical family (~135 species, 7 genera) of trees and shrubs formerly included in Euphorbiaceae. Found in tropical Americas, …

A small tropical family (~11 species, 4 genera) of trees. Found in tropical South America and West Africa. Characterized by …

A monotypic family (Petalophyllum) of simple thalloid liverworts from Mediterranean coasts. Found in wet sandy habitats near the sea.

A small family (~80 species, 4 genera) of herbs and shrubs in the Americas and Africa. Closely related to Boraginaceae. …

A monotypic family (Petenaea cordata) — a small tree endemic to Mexico and Central America. Characterized by heart-shaped leaves and …

A small family (~13 species, 9 genera) of herbs and shrubs, formerly in Phytolaccaceae. Found in tropical and subtropical Americas. …

A small family (~4 species, 2 genera: Petrosavia and Japonolirion) of achlorophyllous mycoheterotrophic or autotrophic monocots. Found in tropical to …

A small family (~3 species, 2 genera: Philesia and Lapageria) of evergreen monocot climbers from southern South America. Lapageria rosea …

A small family (~5 species, 4 genera) of aquatic monocots from East Asia to Australia. Characterized by linear leaves and …

The lopseed family (~200 species, 13 genera). Herbs and shrubs with opposite leaves and bilateral flowers. Includes Mimulus (monkeyflowers). Widely …

A pantropical family (~2,000 species, 60 genera). Trees, shrubs, and herbs with simple leaves and small flowers often without petals. …

A monotypic family (Phyllodrepanium) of flattened pleurocarpous mosses from tropical Africa.

A monotypic family (Phyllonoma, ~4 species) of shrubs from the Americas. Flowers are produced directly on leaf surfaces (epiphyllous). Found …

The pokeweed family (~30 species, 4 genera). Herbs and trees with alternate simple leaves and racemes of small flowers. Includes …

A small Neotropical family (~50 species, 2 genera) of shrubs and trees with pinnate leaves and small unisexual flowers. Formerly …

A small tropical family (~80 species, 24 genera) of trees and shrubs, primarily found in tropical and subtropical regions of …

A conifer family of about 230 species including pines, spruces, firs, larches, and cedars. Dominant in northern forests. Major source …

The pepper family (~3,600 species, 5 genera). Aromatic herbs, shrubs, and vines with alternate leaves and dense spikes of tiny …

A family (~200 species, 9 genera) of trees and shrubs with simple leaves and sticky seeds embedded in a resinous …

The plane tree family (~10 species, 1 genus Platanus). Large deciduous trees with distinctive peeling bark, palmate leaves, and spherical …

A monotypic family (Pleurozia, ~15 species) of leafy liverworts. Characterized by sack-like water-retaining lobules on leaves. Found in humid montane …

A family of about 2,100 species including orange, lemon, lime, grapefruit, and mandarin. Important for fruits, essential oils, and timber.

A small family of pleurocarpous mosses (~30 species, 3 genera). Found in humid forests of Africa and the Indian Ocean …

A small family (~12 species, 3 genera) of trees and shrubs. Includes toothbrush tree (Salvadora persica), used for dental hygiene. …

Aquatic floating ferns (~16 species, 2 genera: Salvinia and Azolla). Leaves in whorls; Azolla fixes atmospheric nitrogen via cyanobacterial symbiosis. …

The lizard's tail family (~6 species, 5 genera). Aquatic herbs with fragrant leaves and dense spikes of tiny flowers without …

The curly-grass fern family (~30 species, 4 genera). Small ferns with grass-like or climbing fronds and marginal sporangia. Found in …

A small family of pleurocarpous aquatic or wetland mosses (~10 species, 4 genera). Found in fens, bogs, and streams. Important …

A monotypic family (Scouleria, ~5 species). Aquatic mosses on rock in swift mountain streams. Found in western North America.

A small family of acrocarpous mosses (~100 species, 8 genera). Very small mosses found on calcareous rock surfaces. Found mainly …

A monotypic family (Simmondsia chinensis — jojoba). A desert shrub from the Sonoran and Mojave deserts. Seeds produce a liquid …

A Neotropical family (~75 species, 2 genera) of aromatic trees and shrubs. Includes Siparuna. Found in tropical forests. Flowers have …

The greenbrier family (~260 species, 2 genera). Climbing monocots with net-veined leaves (unusual for monocots), tendrils, and berry fruits. Includes …

A small family of pleurocarpous mosses (~5 species, 1 genus Sorapilla) from southern South America and subantarctic islands.

A monotypic family (Southbya, ~4 species) of small leafy liverworts. Found in calcareous habitats in Mediterranean and subtropical regions.

A small family (~18 species, 2 genera) endemic to Madagascar. Trees and shrubs with alternate leaves. Related to Malvales. Found …

The peat moss family (~120 species, 1 genus Sphagnum). Unique mosses that can hold 20x their weight in water. Dominant …

A pantropical family (~95 species, 12 genera) of trees and shrubs with simple alternate leaves. Formerly included in Icacinaceae. Found …

A family of pleurocarpous mosses (~15 species, 2 genera). Found in Northern Hemisphere temperate forests.

A family of pleurocarpous mosses (~80 species, 12 genera). Flat, complanate mosses found on bark, rock, and soil in tropical …

A small South African family (~40 species, 12 genera) of shrubs. Characterized by small leaves, small white to pink flowers, …

The storax family (~160 species, 11 genera). Trees and shrubs with stellate hairs, alternate leaves, and fragrant white flowers. Includes …

A small family (~4 species, 5 genera) of trees and shrubs from tropical coasts and islands. Includes sea rosemary (Suriana …

The sweetleaf family (~320 species, 2 genera). Trees and shrubs with simple alternate leaves containing aluminum-concentrating tissues. Includes Symplocos (sweetleaf, …

A monotypic family (Takakia, 2 species) — among the most primitive liverwort-like mosses. Found in cool humid montane habitats in …

A family (~28 species, 2 genera) of succulent herbs and shrubs formerly in Portulacaceae. Includes Talinum with flat succulent leaves …

The tamarisk family (~90 species, 4 genera). Shrubs and trees of arid and saline habitats with scale-like leaves and dense …

A family of pleurocarpous mosses (~200 species, 8 genera). Glossy and flattened mosses on bark, rock, and soil. Found in …

A tropical fern family (~220 species, 20 genera). Mostly terrestrial ferns with simple to pinnate fronds and round sori. Found …

A monotypic family (Tetracarpaea, 1 species) endemic to Tasmania. Small shrub of wet alpine heaths. Has 4 separate carpels, hence …

A small family of pleurocarpous mosses (~30 species, 4 genera). Found in dry habitats on bark and rock in temperate …

A small family of acrocarpous mosses (Timmiella, ~10 species). Found on moist calcareous rock and soil in semi-arid regions. Characterized …

The yellow-eyed grass family (~260 species). Rush-like herbs with linear leaves and small yellow flowers in dense scaly heads. Found …